Torque is a physical quantity that describes the effect of force on a rotating body. It indicates the force with which a shaft, spindle, or axle is rotated around its axis, and is crucial for the dimensioning and performance of machines, drives, and gears.
Definition
Mathematically, torque M is defined as the product of force F and lever arm r:
M = Torque (e.g., in Newton-meters, Nm)
F = Tangential force
r = Distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force
In rotating systems, torque can also be expressed via power P and rotational speed n:
Significance
- Power Transmission: determines how strongly a drive can move or accelerate a load.
- Machine Design: Motors, spindles, gears, and ball screws must be dimensioned for the required torque.
- Regulation and Control: In servo systems, torque is monitored to ensure precise movements and safe operation.
Typical Applications
- Spindles in Machine Tools: Determine feed force and machining force.
- Gears and Clutches: Transmit forces between the motor and the drive shaft.
- Ball Screws: The motor’s torque is converted into linear forces.
- Robotics and Automation: Torque control ensures precise movements and protection against overload.